How is depression diagnosed?

Depression is a common mental health disorder that can have a significant impact on a person’s life. It is estimated that around 264 million people worldwide suffer from depression, making it the leading cause of disability worldwide. Diagnosis of depression is essential to ensure that those who are affected can receive  appropriate treatment and support. This article will explore how depression is diagnosed, including the different types of depression, the diagnostic criteria used by mental health professionals, and the tools and tests used to diagnose the condition.

Types of Depression

There are several different types of depression, each with its own set of symptoms and characteristics. The most common type of depression is major depressive disorder (MDD).

MDD is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in once-enjoyable activities.

Other types of depression include persistent depressive disorder (PDD), bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and postpartum depression.

How is Depression Diagnosed

Mental health professionals use a set of criteria to diagnose depression. The criteria used may vary slightly depending on the specific type of depression being diagnosed. However, some general criteria are typically used to diagnose depression, regardless of the type.

These criteria are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The DSM-5 outlines several criteria for the diagnosis of depression. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, a person must meet the following criteria:

1. The presence of at least one of two core symptoms: a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
2. The presence of at least five additional symptoms, such as weight loss or gain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and difficulty concentrating.
3. Symptoms must be present for at least two weeks.
4. Symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.

For a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, a person must have symptoms for at least two years, with no more than two months of symptom-free periods. Symptoms may be less severe than those experienced in MDD, but they can still significantly impact a person’s daily life.

Tools and Tests Used to Diagnose Depression

There are several tools and tests used to diagnose depression. These include:

1. Clinical Interviews: A mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, will conduct a clinical interview to assess a person’s symptoms and history of depression. This interview may involve questions about a person’s mood, sleep habits, appetite, and level of interest in activities.
2. Questionnaires and Rating Scales: Mental health professionals may also use questionnaires and rating scales to assess a person’s symptoms of depression. These tools may include the Beck Depression Inventory, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
3. Physical Exams: In some cases, a physical exam may be conducted to rule out any underlying medical conditions that may be causing a person’s symptoms.
4. Lab Tests: Blood tests may also be conducted to rule out any underlying medical conditions, such as thyroid disease or vitamin deficiencies, that may be contributing to a person’s symptoms.
5. Diagnostic Imaging: In some cases, a mental health professional may use diagnostic imaging, such as an MRI or CT scan, to rule out any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be causing depression.

It is important to note that depression is a complex condition, and a diagnosis may not always be straightforward. Mental health professionals will use their clinical judgment, based on a person’s circumstances, to make a diagnosis. It is also possible for a person to have more than one type of depression, such as major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder.